What is the closest meaning of the word *oppressive*?

The term oppressive generally refers to something that is harsh, overwhelming, or excessively burdensome, often causing discomfort or suffering. It can be used in various contexts, including the description of environments that stifle freedom or happiness, leading to emotional or physical pain. Therefore, the closest meaning of oppressive is painful, as it encapsulates the idea of causing distress or hardship, aligning with the negative connotations typically associated with the word. Other options such as supportive, comforting, and lighthearted convey positive feelings or states, contrasting sharply with the negative implications of being oppressive.